Geriatric
Medicine 
Do you own a dog that is seven years old or older? Generally speaking, a dog seven years old or beyond qualifies as a senior. This varies, however, with the size and breed of dog. For instance, smaller dogs tend to have longer life spans than giant-breed dogs.
While some signs of aging, such as a graying muzzle and slower activity, are easy to identify in your dog, others may be more subtle. Therefore, it takes a watchful eye to recognize what may be early signs of disease or health problems.
Some of the disorders we see routinely in older patients include: Obesity, Arthritis, Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome (CDS), Metabolic disorders, Cataracts, Urinary incontinence and Dental disease.
Obesity: While obesity is a common health problem for all dogs, older canines are more likely to be overweight due to decreased activity and reduced daily energy needs. Obesity increases the risk of serious diseases and health problems, such as diabetes. Although some medical conditions can cause obesity, overfeeding generally is the culprit. As a senior dog's metabolism slows, calorie needs decline. If you do not adjust the food intake of your older dog, weight gain is likely to occur.
If your senior dog is already overweight, a weight loss program should be considered. First, however, have your pet thoroughly evaluated by a veterinarian to identify any other problems that could be causing them to gain weight.
Arthritis: Just as humans can suffer from arthritis as they get older, so can our animal friends. Arthritis is a slowly progressive degenerative disease of the load-bearing joints, especially the shoulders and hips. It is the most common joint disease in dogs. The prevalence of arthritis in adult dogs is reported as high as 20%.
Signs that you may notice in your geriatric animal include unwillingness to jump, run, or climb stairs; difficulty in rising and stiffness after resting; preference to sit or lie down rather than stand; vocalization of pain.
If you think your dog may be suffering from arthritis, make an appointment to see a veterinarian. A physical exam with or without radiographs can diagnose arthritis. Animals with arthritis may find some comfort from medicine your veterinarian can prescribe.
Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome: This syndrome is used to describe the behavioral changes associated with aging in dogs. ones which are not attributable to any medical conditions. Examples of behavior changes include disorientation, lack of responsiveness, uneasiness with visitors, changing sleep patterns, and house soiling. Recent studies have shown that 90% of 16-year-old dogs show at least one type of behavioral change. Older dogs may also suffer hearing and vision loss that contributes to further behavioral changes.
Screening Procedures for Senior Dogs:
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Physical Examination: A physical exam includes checking your dog's general appearance, temperature, body weight, heart, lungs, ears, eyes, teeth, thyroid glands and skin.
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Complete Blood Count: This test helps in the diagnosis of cancer, infections, anemia and bleeding problems. It provides an insight into the status of your dog's immune system.
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Serum Chemistry Profile: This test is used for assessing the function of the liver, kidneys, pancreas and other organs.